![]() At the beginning of the 14th century, the Novgorodians explored the Arctic Ocean, the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, and the West-Siberian river Ob. The Novgorodians explored the areas around Lake Onega, along the Northern Dvina, and coastlines of the White Sea. In the 12th–15th centuries, the Novgorodian Republic expanded east and northeast. The Republic was the subject of political rivalry between Poland and Lithuania on one side and the Grand Duchy of Moscow on the other side in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, the Archbishop of Novgorod continued to head the church in Pskov and kept the title "Archbishop of Novgorod the Great and Pskov" until 1589. The independence of the Pskov Republic was acknowledged in the 1348 Treaty of Bolotovo. 1240–1299) reigned in Pskov without any deference to, or consultation with, the prince or other officials in Novgorod. Several princes such as Vsevolod Mstislavich (before 1117–1138) and Dovmont (c. ![]() The city of Pskov, initially part of Novgorod Land, had de facto independence from as early as the 13th century after opening a trading post for merchants of the Hanseatic League. However, these invitations or dismissals were often based on who was the dominant prince in Rus' at the time, and not on any independent thinking on the part of Novgorod. In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich and over the next century and a half were able to invite in and dismiss a number of princes. Despite these events, Suzdal still blocked off trade to Novgorod twice and intercepted Novgorod's tributes. Alternatively, Novgorod, in a bid to appease Suzdal, accepted some Suzdalians as rulers of Novgorod. Perhaps due to these fears, Novgorod led a failed invasion of Suzdal in 1134. Whoever controlled the river was able to block food supplies causing a famine in Novgorod. This river lay in the Northern Volga tributary region. Rostov-Suzdal comprised the territory of the important Oka region and lands along the vital Sheksna River. Throughout the 12th century, Novgorod utilized the Baltic-Volga-Caspian trade route, not only for trading but also for bringing food from the fertile Oka region to their city. A charter from the 1130s mentioned 30 administrative posts in Novgorod territory, where revenues were collected regularly and sent as a tithe to the Novgorod bishop. ![]() The Novgorod tysiatskii and posadniki appointed boyars from the cities and collected revenues for administration in the territories it held. ![]() Some time after this, the administration of the principality seemed to have matured. Ĭhronicles also stated that the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Prince of Kiev by 1113. Even though there is no definitive account of the precise timing of their arrival at the northern rivers that flowed into the Arctic, there are chronicles which mention that one expedition reached the Pechora River in 1032, and trading was established as early as in 1096 with the Yugra tribe. Īmong the Rus, the Novgorodians were the first to reach the regions between the Arctic Ocean and Lake Onega. Novgorod Republic įrom the late 11th century Novgorodians asserted greater control over the determination of their rules and rejected a politically dependent relationship to Kiev. The Kokui tower (left) dates from the 17th century its name is of Swedish origin. Medieval walls of the Novgorod Kremlin from the late 15th century. The Soviet historians frequently used the terms Novgorod Feudal Republic and Novgorod Boyar Republic. Novgorod Republic itself is a much later term, although the polity was described as a republic as early as in the beginning of the 16th century. Novgorod Land and Novgorod volost' usually referred to the land belonging to Novgorod. The state was called "Novgorod" and "Novgorod the Great" ( Veliky Novgorod, Russian: Великий Новгород) with the form "Sovereign Lord Novgorod the Great" ( Gosudar Gospodin Veliky Novgorod, Russian: Государь Господин Великий Новгород) becoming common in the 15th century. The Republic prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League and its Slavic, Baltic and Finnic people were much influenced by the culture of the Viking-Varangians and Byzantine people. The Novgorod Republic ( Russian: Новгородская республика) was a medieval state that existed from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Gulf of Finland in the west to the northern Ural Mountains in the east, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia.
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